New Zealand's early separation from other landmasses and subsequent evolution have created a unique fossil record and modern ecology. The Alpine Fault is the dominant structure defining the Australian-Pacific plate boundary in the South Island of New Zealand. The Marlborough Fault System is a set of four large dextral strike-slip faults and other related structures in the northern part of South Island, New Zealand, which transfer displacement between the mainly transform plate boundary of the Alpine fault and the mainly destructive boundary of the Kermadec Trench, and together form the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. Alpine Fault discography (all) Severance (2005) Fire at Will Records Sampler (2012) > Iraena's Ashes Alpine Fault. A total of 1112 aftershocks were recorded, ranging between magnitudes 2.0 and 4.9 on the Richter Scale. Type: Strike-slip fault: Movement: Dextral/convergent, east side up: Age: Miocene-Holocene: Orogeny: Kaikoura: The Alpine Fault is a geological fault that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island (c. 480 km) and forms the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. The Southern Alps had not yet formed and most of New Zealand was covered in water. They run along the northwest edge of the island, which is exactly where the Alpine Fault is. Researchers are studying the Alpine Fault to investigate past earthquakes, mountain formation and the structure of the Earth’s crust. A transform (oceanic) or strike-slip (continental) fault is one where the relative motion is horizontal. [25], The Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) was an attempt in 2014 to retrieve rock and fluid samples and make geophysical measurements inside the Alpine Fault zone at depth. Ultrasonic image logs acquired in the DFDP‐2B borehole yield the first continuous, subsurface description of the transition from schist to mylonite in the hangingwall of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, to a depth of 818 m below surface. There have been no major historical earthquakes on the Alpine Fault. Alpine d'occasion - s’il est impossible de dénicher une A 110 pour moins de 50 000 €, on peut s’offrir une A 310 ou une A 610 à partir de 20 000 €. New research has revealed that some of the West Coast is sandwiched between enormous offshore fault lines and the Alpine Fault. [15] In 2017, GNS researchers revised the figures after they combined updated Hokuri site records with a thousand-year record from another site 20 km away at John O'Groats River to produce a record of 27 major earthquake events during the 8000-year period. The epicentre is estimated to have been within a zone extending 50 km northeast from Whanganui towards Taihape. It remained the single largest earthquake to strike Hawke's Bay until 1931, where a magnitude 7.8 quake leveled much of Napier and Hastings and killed 256 people. Current research includes: Keith Machin, Teaching Fellow at the University of Canterbury, helped visiting Swiss scientists study the Alpine Fault. [2] At the same time, Harold Wellman proposed the 480 km (300 miles) lateral displacement on the Alpine Fault. The geology of New Zealand is noted for its volcanic activity, earthquakes and geothermal areas because of its position on the boundary of the Australian Plate and Pacific Plates. Tours are 2.5 hours, and require walking. Famous examples of these include the San Andreas Fault of California, the Alpine Fault of New Zealand's south island, and the Anatolian Fault in Turkey This fault has ruptured four times in the past 900 years, each time producing an earthquake of about magnitude 8. This short documentary is included in the Iraena's Ashes Digipack. Alpine Fault. Lateral displacements of this magnitude could not be explained by pre-plate tectonics geology and his ideas were not initially widely accepted until 1956. In the new study, the interval between earthquakes ranged from 160 to 350 years and the probability of an earthquake occurring in the following 50 years was estimated at 29 per cent. Type: EP Release date: November 2005 Catalog ID: N/A Label: Independent Format: CD Reviews: None yet [22] The fault was officially named the Alpine Fault in 1942 as an extension of a previously mapped structure. It forms the sharp line separating the snow-covered Southern Alps in the east from the low coastal plain bordering the Tasman Sea in the west. dating trees buried by landslides using radiocarbon dating and tree growth rings (dendrochronology). The June 2011 Christchurch earthquake was a shallow magnitude 6.0 Mw earthquake that occurred on 13 June 2011 at 14:20 NZST. Travelers talk about “tectonic plates” (5 reviews) “fault line” (4 reviews) “continental plates” (3 reviews) Improve This Listing. The Australian plate is sliding horizontally towards the north-east, at the same time as the Pacific plate is pushing up, forming the Southern Alps. This earthquake was associated with the largest observed movement on a strike-slip fault, maximum 18 metres (59 ft). See this Interactive map of the Alpine Fault and links to a virtual field trip on the University of Otago Geology website. D'autres semblent aussi avoir pris le temps de l'apprécier. Geologists working on Project AF8 believe that the next severe earthquake on the Alpine Fault is most likely to be a rupture that begins in South Westland and “unzips” northwards and will … [1] [3], The Pacific Plate and Indo-Australian Plate boundary forms the Macquarie Fault Zone in the Puysegur Trench off the southwestern corner of the South Island and comes onshore as the Alpine Fault just north of Milford Sound. This fault has ruptured four times in the past 900 years, each time producing an earthquake of about magnitude 8. This set of faults, which includes the Wairau Fault, the Hope Fault, the Awatere Fault, and the Clarence Fault, transfer displacement between the Alpine Fault and the Hikurangi subduction zone to the north. He is notable for his discovery of South Island's Alpine Fault. The Wellington Fault is an active seismic fault in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand. from M4 to M5) there is about a 30-fold increase in energy release. [10] So while earthquakes are an important part of Māori oral tradition, no stories have been passed down about South Island earthquakes. The 1888 North Canterbury earthquake occurred at 4:10 am on 1 September following a sequence of foreshocks that started the previous evening, and whose epicentre was in the North Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand. [27] The DFDP was the second project to try to drill an active fault zone and return samples after the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth. This is distributed as 36–39 mm of horizontal and 6–10 mm upwards movement on the fault's plane per year. [5] Then uplift slowly began as the plate motion became slightly oblique to the strike of the Alpine Fault. This gave a mean recurrence rate of 291 years, plus or minus 23 years, down from the previously estimated rate of 329 years, plus or minus 26 years. [1] The Southern Alps have been uplifted on the fault over the last 12 million years in a series of earthquakes. The mountains are rising at 7 millimetres a … These had previously been determined to have occurred in approximately 1100, 1430, 1620 and 1717 CE, at intervals between 100 and 350 years. This PDF provides a summary from the West Coast Reginal Council on Alpine Fault research past and present, including details of Mark Yetton’s methods. In this paper, we investigate the timing and mineralization depths of AFZ clay mineralization using eight fault gouge … [12] The 1717 quake appears to have involved a rupture along nearly 400 kilometres (250 mi) of the southern two-thirds of the fault. Between 25 and 12 million years ago the movement on the proto-Alpine Fault was exclusively strike-slip. Advisers: Sibson, R. Abstract: The section of the Alpine fault between the Cook and Karangarua Rivers provides further information on the structure of the fault zone. During the second phase of the Alpine Fault, Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) in the Whataroa River, South Westland, New Zealand, bedrock was encountered in the DFDP-2B borehole from 238.5–893.2 m Measured Depth (MD). One set, comprising foliation and foliation‐parallel veins and fractures, has a constant orientation. Elisabeth, your guide, has a good knowledge of the Alpine Fault, and to be able to straddle 2 tectonic plates was a real moment to remember. Movement along the Alpine Fault is deforming the microcontinent of, Pacific Plate and Indo-Australian Plate boundary, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, "Alpine Fault / Major Faults in New Zealand / Earthquakes / Science Topics / Learning / Home – GNS Science", "New study says Alpine Fault quake interval shorter than thought: GNS Science", "Timing of late Holocene surface rupture of the Wairau Fault, Marlborough, New Zealand", "An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa", "1. [Chapter Break] After their groundbreaking paper on the Alpine Fault, Willett was posted to Invercargill and Wellman to another wartime project at dâUrville Island. Interactive map of the Alpine Fault and links to a virtual field trip, digging trenches to find buried evidence, such as landslides. Depuis le mois de juin, Alpine a diligenté trois nouvelles campagnes de rappel afin de corriger un potentiel défaut de fabrication sur l'Alpine A110. The Wairarapa Fault is an active seismic fault in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand. Fault Lines: Facts About Cracks in the Earth. [2] In outcrop the fault zone is overlain by mylonites which formed at depth and have been uplifted by the fault. It forms part of the Marlborough Fault System, which accommodates the transfer of displacement along the oblique convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate, from the transform Alpine Fault to the Hikurangi Trench subduction zone. In earthquake terms, the 850 kilometres (530 mi) long fault is remarkably consistent, rupturing on average every 330 years, at intervals ranging from 140 years to 510 years. The 1855 Wairarapa earthquake occurred on 23 January at about 9 p.m., affecting much of the Cook Strait area of New Zealand, including Marlborough in the South Island and Wellington and Wairarapa in the North Island. Unless otherwise agreed in writing by GNS Science, GNS Science accepts … In Wellington, close to the epicenter, shaking lasted for at least 50 seconds. Curious Minds is a Government initiative jointly led by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, the Ministry of Education and the Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor. [11] Over the last thousand years, there have been four major ruptures along the Alpine Fault causing earthquakes of about magnitude 8. Some trees survive landslides, but the event is marked by unusual growth rings. The Alpine Fault is a geological fault that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island (c. 480 km) and forms the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. Part 2 of Alpine Fault in Profile. [4], The Indo-Australian Plate is subducting towards the east south of the South Island and the Pacific Plate is subducting towards the West to the north. The 1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake was a devastating magnitude 7.5 Mw earthquake that struck near the town of Waipukurau on 23 February 1863. There is paleotsunami evidence of near-simultaneous ruptures of the Alpine Fault and Wellington (and/or other major) faults to the North having occurred at least twice in the past 1,000 years. These large earthquakes don’t happen very often – the last one was nearly 300 years ago. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST) was a rapid-response scientific expedition that drilled oceanfloor boreholes through the fault-zone of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The name "Southern Alps" generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of the smaller ranges that form part of it. [1] The Southern Alps have been uplifted on the fault over the last 12 million years in a series of earthquakes. faille alpine (Nouvelle-Zélande, île du Sud) : l'activité de cette faille est sujette à de nombreuses études (Deep Fault Project [1]), car elle est très dangereuse. This includes mylonites and the Alpine Schist, which increases in metamorphic grade towards the fault. We've known about the Alpine Fault for around 80 years. Where will the next earthquake centred on the Alpine Fault begin? The Clarence Fault is an active dextral strike-slip fault in the northeastern part of South Island, New Zealand. The eroded material has formed the Canterbury Plains. Beban GNS Science Consultancy Report 2011/217 September 2011 . The surface rupture has extended into the north section of the fault as far as the Haupiri River area, which is 25 km northeast of the Alpine Fault junction with the Hope Fault. The alpine fault is located in New Zeland. It had a maximum perceived intensity of VII (severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. She is one of the leaders of the Deep Fault Drilling Project of New Zealand's Alpine Fault, and was a research scientist on the Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project. This survey will open in a new tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the site. Tremors continued almost continuously until midnight and sporadic strong aftershocks were felt for several days. Exemples de décrochements senestres The Alpine Fault is a geological fault, specifically a right-lateral strike-slip fault, that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand’s South Island. 1.1 Tectonic setting of the Alpine Fault . JFAST gathered important data about the rupture mechanism and physical properties of the fault that caused the huge earthquake and tsunami which devastated much of northeast Japan. – Historic earthquakes – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand", "Catastrophic events in New Zealand coastal environments", "Videos show devastating impact across South Island if Alpine Fault ruptures", "Thousands to be evacuated, highways blocked for months when Alpine Fault ruptures", "South Island plan for the next Alpine Fault quake", "Buller District Council Lifelines Study (Alpine Fault Earthquake Scenario)", "Harold Wellman and the Alpine Fault of New Zealand", "Structure and distribution of fault rocks in the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand", "Deep Fault Drilling Project—Alpine Fault, New Zealand", "Drilling into an active earthquake fault in New Zealand", "Why are scientists drilling into the San Andreas fault? The Alpine Fault is a geological fault that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island (c. 480 km) and forms the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. It is a dextral (right-lateral) strike-slip fault with variable amounts of vertical movement causing uplift to the northwest, as expressed by a series of ranges. The way the waves are reflected and transmitted tells much about the rocks and structures near the fault. Geologically, this is a high probability. [29], In 2017 they reported they had discovered beneath Whataroa, a small township on the Alpine Fault, "extreme" hydrothermal activity which "could be commercially very significant". The June quake was preceded by a magnitude 5.9 ML tremor that struck the region at a slightly deeper 8.9 km (5.5 mi). Three feature sets are delineated. How often does the Alpine Fault rupture? The Alpine Fault is called a strike slip or transform fault. A right-lateral strike-slip fault, that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island. It is a dextral strike-slip fault with a component of uplift to the northwest as expressed by the Rimutaka Range. He reasoned that further up stream there must be a boundary between the two rock types – but what was it? [30] [31] One of the lead researchers said that it is likely to be globally unique. Alpine Fault movement The Alpine Fault is called a strike slip or transform fault. [8]. [17] [18] [19] District councils along the West Coast and in Canterbury have commissioned studies and begun preparations for an anticipated large earthquake on the Alpine Fault. D'ailleurs, il y a une sacrée différence entre la manière de l'apprécier à Pari… This is unlike the North Island boundary, where a subduction zone is under water off the east coast. She then worked as a research associate professor in geology and associate dean (international) in the Division of Sciences at the University of Otago. [14]. Subject: Structural geology. Project Number: 430W1444 DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS Science) exclusively for and under contract to West Coast Regional Council. Hours Today: 9:30 AM - 6:00 PM . The council's emergency management team has been working with Selwyn communities to get ready. It has been suggested that the surface rupture formed by this event helped influence Charles Lyell to link earthquakes with rapid movement on faults. This displacement was inferred by Wellman due in part to the similarity of rocks in Southland and Nelson on either side of the Alpine Fault. [32]. That's before satellite photographs or plate tectonics. The Hope Fault is thought to represent the primary continuation of the Alpine Fault. [ clarification needed ] Most of the movement along the fault occurs in this zone. The Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana is a mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand's South Island, reaching its greatest elevations near the range's western side. There have been no major earthquakes on the main portion of it. In the middle the Alpine Fault is a transform boundary and has both dextral (right-lateral) strike-slip movement and uplift on the southeastern side. The fault mover 30mm a year! using GPS to study small movements of nearby minor faults, and to measure growth of the Alps, using seismic data to find out how the many minor earthquakes in the area are linked to minor faults and the main Alpine Fault. There have been no major earthquakes on the Alpine Fault in historic times, its southern and northern offshoots have, however, experienced sizable earthquakes: In 2012, GNS Science researchers published an 8000-year timeline of 24 major earthquakes on the (southern end of the) fault from sediments at Hokuri Creek, near Lake McKerrow in north Fiordland. The United States Geological Survey reported a magnitude of 6.0 Mw and a depth of 9 km (5.6 mi). Virginia Toy is a New Zealand geologist who studies fault zones and earthquakes in New Zealand, Japan and Ecuador. Originally reported as magnitude 6.6 on the Richter Scale, the earthquake was later downgraded to a magnitude of 6.2. The 2014 Eketahuna earthquake struck at 3:52 pm on 20 January, centred 15 km east of Eketahuna on the south-east of New Zealand's North Island. There is dextral strike-slip motion as well as convergence between the Australian and Pacific plates. [27] [28] One of the goals of the project was to use the deformed rocks from the fault zone to determine its resistance to stress. This idea coupled with the displacement on the fault proposed that the earth's surface was in relatively rapid constant movement and helped to overthrow the old geosynclinal hypothesis in favour of plate tectonics. Earthquakes along the fault, and the associated earth movements, have formed the Southern Alps. Read more. The work involves scientists from several disciplines working together, using different methods, such as: Using techniques like these, scientists such as Mark Yetton of the University of Canterbury have found out that major earthquakes happened on the central Alpine Fault in 1100, 1450, 1620 and 1717. The Marlborough Fault System is a set of four large dextral strike-slip faults and other related structures in the northern part of South Island, New Zealand, which transfer displacement between the mainly transform plate boundary of the Alpine fault and the mainly destructive boundary of the Kermadec Trench, and together form the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. [2] The last major earthquake on the Alpine Fault was in c. 1717 AD, the probability of another one occurring within the next 50 years is estimated at about 30 percent. The Alpine Fault forms a "transform" boundary between the Pacific Plate and Indo-Australian Plate. If you want to do something different and have a passing interest in geology, then this is a âmust doâ tour. This was the first earthquake in New Zealand over magnitude 7 for which written records exist, and the first for which deaths were recorded. Faille nord-anatolienne. Holes were drilled for explosives, and when the explosives were set off, a multi-channel seismograph recorded the seismic waves. See all hours. The mountains are rising at 7 millimetres a year, but erosion wears them down at a similar rate. using ground penetrating radar to observe hidden evidence of uplift and horizontal movement. It forms part of the Marlborough Fault System, which accommodates the transfer of displacement along the oblique convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate, from the transform Alpine Fault to the Hikurangi Trench subduction zone. Other New Zealand universities, GNS Science and overseas scientists are also interested in the Alpine Fault. In this recording, Alpine fault drilling, part of Te Papa’s Science Express programme, hear about the deepest fault drilling ever done in New Zealand. In the last 12 million years the Southern Alps have been uplifted approximately 20 kilometres, however, as this has occurred more rain has been trapped by the mountains leading to more erosion. Open Now. In addition, an earlier earthquake was identified to have occurred between 887 and 965. At this point it splits into a set of smaller faults known as the Marlborough Fault System. [13] Newer research carried out by the University of Otago and the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation revised the dates of the pre-1717 earthquakes to between 1535 and 1596 (instead of 1620), 1374 and 1405 (instead of 1430), and 1064 and 1120 (instead of 1100). The epicentre was approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of Hanmer. ", "DEEP FAULT DRILLING PROJECT-2 FAQs / drill probe in Alpine Fault / Media Releases / News and Events / Home – GNS Science", "Extreme hydrothermal conditions at an active plate-bounding fault", 2003 – Fiordland, estimated magnitude = 7.1. By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. Guided educational tours to the natural exposure of the Alpine fault, at Gaunt Creek, near Whataroa, South Westland. It was during this time that the cyclicity of the Alpine Fault earthquakes and meaning of the increase in metamorphic grade towards the fault was discovered and refined. Project type: PGDipSci. The Alpine fault is defined as the 650 km long feature that extends the length of the South Island. Type: Full-length Release date: November 11th, 2011 Catalog ID: N/A Label: Independent Format: CD Reviews: None yet Songs; Lineup; Reviews; Additional notes; 1. [1] This, along with isostatic constraints, has kept the Southern Alps less than 4000 m. Uplift on the Alpine Fault has led to the exposure of deep metamorphic rocks near the fault within the Southern Alps. [2]. 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